Abbreviations

• Titles before proper names: Dr., Ms., Mr., St. (Saint), Lt.

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• Descriptions following names of people, places, or things: Jr., M.D., Ph.D., Ltd., Washington, D.C., Pontiac GTO, Smith Co., Inc.

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• Names of agencies, organizations, and nations: USA, CIA, NASA, USSR, IBM, MTV

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• Words accompanying dates or figures: B.C., A.D., No., A.M., P.M., Fig.

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• With footnotes, endnotes, and bibliographies.
  
  Note: See our individual entries for different bibliographic styles, and check with your professors to verify which method of citation they prefer.

  
  ed. edited by, editor, edition

  e.g. for example

  etc. and so forth

  et. al. and others

  ibid. in the same place; as cited previously*

  i.e. that is

  op. cit. in the work cited elsewhere*

  p., pp. page, pages

  trans. translated by

   

  *Ibid. and op. cit. are rarely used in documentation. See our Chicago-Style documentation for details on the use of ibid.