Guide to Turabian's A
Manual for Writers
FORMAT OF THE PAPER:
1. Use Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses,
and Dissertations (5th edition) for unanswered questions.
2. Check with your professor to see whether endnotes or footnotes should
be used.
3. A complete citation (such as the following for a book -- author,
title, place of publication, publisher, date of publication, and page(s)),
as outlined in Turabian, should be used for the first citation of each
individual source. The author's name and the new page citation will
suffice for subsequent citations of the same source unless you also cite
another source by the same author. In that case, the author's name and a
short title must be used. The first full citation should be followed by
a sentence where you explain how you will short title it (e.g. Hereafter
cited as Poe, Tale Heart).
4. The pages of your paper should be numbered,
including the bibliography pages. The first page of the text should be
numbered at the bottom center of the page and subsequent pages in the
upper right-hand corner.
5. Your text should be double-spaced with the appropriate margins
(1") on both the sides and at the top and bottom of your pages.
Quotations of five lines or more are considered BLOCK QUOTES and should
be indented and single-spaced. Block quotations in the text should also
be separated from the rest of the text by a blank line before and after
the quotation.
6. Both the notes and the bibliography entries should be single-spaced
within each entry and double-spaced between entries.
7. Begin each paper with a title page that includes the title of your
paper, your name, the department name and course number [History 308 (or
whatever is the correct number)] and the date of submission. The title
page should also be followed by a blank sheet of paper. (See Turabian,
Section 1.6 for details.)
8. When typing your paper on a word processor do NOT use right-hand
justification. DO USE the superscript key for inserting your footnote
numbers into the text.
9. Know the difference between primary and secondary sources, and try to
use as many primary sources as possible.
10. Remember that periodicals can be divided into at least three
categories -- newspapers, magazines, and scholarly journals. Learn how
to use the indexes to get into the information in these three types of
periodicals.
11. Spell out numbers under one-hundred and those that begin a sentence.
PREPARING FOOTNOTES/ENDNOTES:
1. Notes should be arranged in numerical order either at the foot of
each page (footnotes) or at the end of the paper as a whole (endnotes).
A footnote must begin at the bottom of the page on which it is
referenced, although it may extend to the bottom of the following page
if the note is long (See Turabian, sample 14.43).
2. In the text both footnotes and endnotes should be marked with an
Arabic numeral typed slightly above the line (superscript).
3. Note that numbers preceding footnotes themselves are also typed above
the line. However, with endnotes, numbers may be either superscript, or
typed on the line followed by a period and two spaces.
4. The note numbers, either footnotes or endnotes, should always
directly follow the passage to which it refers.
5. The first time a work is mentioned in a note, the entry should
include: the author's full name, the title of the work, the specific
reference (i.e. volume, if any, and page number), and facts of
publication (i.e. place of publication, publisher, date of publication).
Subsequent references to the work should be in shortened form.
6. The shortened form includes: a shortened title or, where appropriate,
the Latin abbreviation "ibid." and the page number, if needed,
should be used. Ibid. is only used if the current note is in the same
work as the previous note.
7. If the reference has already been cited, but not in the reference
immediately preceding, then there are two options:
A. author's family name, title of book or article, and the
specific page reference
B. author's family name and specific page reference, and lists
the title of the book or article only when two or more works by the same
author are cited.
EXAMPLES OF NOTES:
NOTE: All numbers in bold font should be typed as superscript
Book--
1John Hope Franklin, George Washington Williams: A
Biography (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), 54.
Editor--
2Robert von Hallberg, ed., Canons (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1984), 225.
Article in a Journal--
3Richard Jackson, "Running Down the Up-Escalator: Regional Inequality
in Papua New Guinea," Australian Geographer 14 (May 1979): 180.
For other examples, see pages 177-203 in Turabian. All note entries are
marked with "N".
BIBLIOGRAPHIES:
1. Most bibliography entries are arranged in alphabetical order.
2. Unlike the note entries which indented the first line, the
bibliography entries are flush left, and all subsequent lines are
indented five spaces.
3. Bibliography entries also place the family name first followed by a
comma and then the first name (i.e. Doe, John).
4. Whereas commas and parentheses are used in a note, periods are used
in a bibliographical entry at the end of each main part -- author's
name, title of work, and facts of publication. Periodical
bibliographical entries due retain the parentheses around the dates of
publication when these follow a volume number.
5. Page numbers are only given when the item is a part of a whole work
-- a chapter in a book or an article in a periodical.
EXAMPLES OF BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRIES:
Book--
Franklin, John Hope. George Washington Williams: A Biography. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1985.
Editor--
von Hallberg, Robert, ed. Canons. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1984.
Article in a Journal--
Jackson, Richard. "Running Down the Up-Escalator: Regional Inequality in
Papua New Guinea." Australian Geographer 14 (May
1979): 175-184.
Remember in your bibliography the entries would
not be divided into types, and they would be listed alphabetically. For
more examples, see pages 177-203 in Turabian. Bibliography entries are
marked with "B". |
